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The Koszul complex of a sequence of elements in a commutative ring (or more generally of central elements in a non-commutative ring) is a cochain complex whose entry in degree is the exterior power of the free module over of rank , and whose differential is given in each degree on the th summand by multiplication with .
The key property of the Koszul complex is that in good cases (namely if the sequence is a regular sequence in ), it constitutes is a free homological resolution of the quotient of by the ideal generated by these elements (see prop. below).
In cases where the Koszul complex fails to be a homological resolution of the quotient ring, it may be augmented by further generators to yield a resolution after all then called a Koszul-Tate resolution.
From the perspective of derived algebraic geometry the Koszul complex may be interpreted as the formal dual of the derived critical locus of the elements , regarded as functions on the spectrum .
In this guise the Koszul complex appears prominently in Lagrangian field theory, under the name BV-complex, as a potential homological resolution of the shell (the solution locus of the Euler-Lagrange equations of motion). In this case the obstruction to the Koszul complex providing a resolution of the shell is its cochain cohomology in degree -1 (via prop. below) which has the interpretation as the infinitesimal gauge symmetries of the Lagrangian density that have not been made explicit. Making them explicit by promoting them to elements in the Chevalley-Eilenberg algebra of the corresponding action Lie algebroid yields what is called the BRST complex of the theory, and its Koszul complex then yields the respective Koszul-Tate resolution, now called the BV-BRST complex of the theory.
Let be a unital ring.
Consider also a finite sequence of elements .
Given any central element , one can define a two term cochain complex
concentrated in degrees and , where the map (the differential) is the left multiplication by . Given a sequence of central elements in one can define the tensor product
of complexes of left -modules. The degree part of equals the exterior power . Consider the usual basis elements of , where . Then the differential is given by
The differential can be obtained from the faces of the obvious Koszul semi-simplicial -module and the cochain complex above is obtained by the usual alternating sum rule.
Now let be a finitely generated left -module. Then the abelian chain homology groups
together with connecting homomorphisms, form a homological and cohomological delta-functor (in the sense of Tohoku) respectively, deriving the zero parts
where is the left -submodule generated by . A Poincare-like duality holds: .
The sequence is called -regular (or regular on ) if for all the image of in annihilates only zero. This terminology is in accord with calling a non-zero divisor in a ring a “regular element” (and is in accord with the terminology regular local rings).
If is a regular sequence on/in then is a free resolution of the module and the cohomology while Koszul homology is .
The resolution of can be written
and the -linear map is given by the row vector .
(Koszul complex of regular sequence is free resolution of quotient ring)
Let be a commutative ring and a regular sequence of elements in . Then the Koszul complex is a free resolution of the quotient ring .
(Koszul resolution detected in degree (-1))
Let be a commutative ring and a sequence of elements in , such that
is Noetherian;
each is contained in the Jacobson radical of
then the following are equivalent:
the cochain cohomology of the Koszul complex vanishes in degree ;
the Koszul complex is a free resolution of the quotient ring , hence its cochain cohomology vanishes in all degrees ;
the sequence is a regular sequence.
A proof is spelled out on Wikipedia - Properties of Koszul homology
(Koszul complex for formal power series algebras)
Let be a field, let be a formal power series algebra over in variables, and let be formal power series whose constant term vanishes. Then the Koszul complex is a homological resolution precisely already if its cohomology in degree -1 vanishes
This is because the assumptions of prop. are met: A formal power series ring over a field is Noetherian (this example) and an element of a formal power series algebra is in the Jacobson radical precisely if its constant term vanishes (this example).
The original reference is
A standard textbook reference is
A generalization of Koszul complexes to (appropriate resolutions of) algebras over operads is in
See also
Last revised on July 13, 2018 at 16:49:11. See the history of this page for a list of all contributions to it.